Peer Reviewed References Pertaining to Safety and Efficacy of Natural Medicine and Disease Etiology

1. Dima Qato, et al. “Use of prescription and over-the-counter medications and dietary supplements among older adults in the United States.” Journal of the American Medical Association. 2008; 300(24): 2867–2878.

2.  Russell, Lesley M. Reducing Disparities in Life Expectancy: What Factors Matter?  A background paper prepared for the workshop on Reducing Disparities in Life Expectancy held by the Roundtable on the Promotion of Health Equity and the Elimination of Health Disparities of the Institute of Medicine, February 2011.

3. Chen. J. An original discovery: selenium deficiency and Keshan disease (an endemic heart disease).  Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2012;21(3):320-6.

4. Eric D. Mintz, MD and Richard L. Guerrant, MD.  A lion in our village—the unconscionable tragedy of cholera in Africa. New England Journal of Medicine. 2009; 360(11): 1060–1063.

5. Data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys I and III (1971–1974 and 1988–1994).

6. J. Lazarou, B. Pomeranz, and P. Corey. Incidence of adverse drug reactions in hospitalized patients.  Journal of the American Medical Association. 1998; 279: 1200–1205.

7. McLaughlin, Jerry.  Paw paw and cancer: annonaceous acetogenins from discovery to commercial products. Journal of Natural Products. 2008 Jul;71(7):1311-21. 2008 Jul 4.

8. Barbara Starfield. Is US Health Really The Best In The World?  Journal of the American Medical Association.  July 26, 2000.  Vol 284. No. 4.

9. Gardner, Harris.  Study Finds Supplements Contain Contaminants. New York Times. May 25, 2010, New York Times. May 25, 2010

10. W. Watt Gibbs. “Roots of cancer.” Scientific American. July 2003.

11. “Preventing skin cancer.” Centers for Disease Control. October 17, 2003. www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5215a1.htm.

12. Nasa Advanced Supercomputing Division. www.nas.nasa.gov/About/Education/Ozone/controversy.html

13. B. Jackson “Cosmetic considerations and nonlaser cosmetic procedures in ethnic skin.” Dermatologic Clinics. 2003; 21(4): 703–712.

14.  Lester Packer, Eric Witt, and Hans Jurgen Tritschler. “Alpha lipoic acid as a biological antioxidant.” Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 1995; 19(2): 227–250.

15.  Amy Ellis Nutt. “The end of aging.” Readers Digest. November 2003, 70; Anna Bilska and Lidia Wlodek. “Lipoic Acid—The drug of the future?” Pharmacological Reports. 2005; 57: 570–577; The Cleveland Clinic. my.clevelandclinic.org/healthy_living/skin_care/hic_understanding_the_ingredients_in_skin_care_products.aspx.

16.  Lester Packer, Eric Witt, and Hans Jurgen Tritschler. “Alpha lipoic acid as a bi-ological antioxidant.” Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 1995; 19(2): 227–250.

17.  American Heart Association. http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/

18.  Sirakarnt Dhitavat, et al. “Acetyl-l-carnitine protects against amyloid-beta neurotoxicity: roles of oxidative buffering and ATP levels.” Neurochemical Research. 2002; 27(6).

19.  Helen White. “Acetyl-l-carnitine as a precursor of acetylcholine.” Neurochemical Research. 1990; 15(6).

20.  Vincent W. Delagarza. “Pharmacological treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.” American Family Physician. October 1, 2003.

21.  Lorenz, Todd, Ph. D,  A Review of Astaxanthin as a Carotenoid and Vitamin Source for Sea Bream.  Found at http://www.ruscom.com/cyan/web02/pdfs/naturose/axbul52.pdf

22.  La Grange L, Wang M, Watkins R, et al. Protective effects of the flavonoid mixture, silymarin, on fetal rat brain and liver. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1999;65:53-61.

23.  Michelle Chen. “Discovery of toxins in newborn blood causes alarm, spurs activism.” New Standard. July 21, 2005. www.ewg.org/node/17733.

24.  Environmental Working Group. “A national assessment of tap water quality.” (More than 140 contaminants with no enforceable safety limits found in the na- tion’s drinking water.) December 20, 2005. http://www.ewg.org/agmag/2005/12/national-tap-water-quality-database

25.  Centers for Disease Control. http://www.cdc.gov/.

26.  Environmental Working Group. “Triclosan in your home.” 2009. http://www.ewg.org/research/pesticide-soap-toothpaste-and-breast-milk-it-kid-safe/triclosan-your-home.

27.  Cane Rogers. Regulatory Status of Triclosan and Triclocarban in Nonpre- scription Products. Pacific Southwest Organic Residuals Symposium University of California, Davis. October 1, 2008.

28.  Antonia M. Calafat, Xiaoyun Ye, Lee-Yang Wong, John A. Reidy, and Larry L. Needham. “Urinary concentrations of triclosan in the U.S. population: 2003–2004.” Environmental Health Perspectives. April 23, 2008.

29.  Fluoride in Drinking Water: A Scientific Review of EPA’s Standards.

30.  Sara Shahriari. “Columbia searching for answers to high trihalomethanes in water.” Columbia Missourian. July 15, 2008. http://www.columbiamissourian.com/news/local/columbia-searching-for-answers-to-high-trihalomethanes-in-water/article_e39d08c0-0528-55e7-b93b-28c90eb7c342.html.

31.  Sean Gray, et al. “Farm runoff, chlorination by-products, and human health.”  Environmental Working Group. 2002.

32.  Tom Avril. “Philadelphia’s water puts pregnant women at risk, study says.”  Philadelphia Inquirer. January 9, 2002.

33.  Juliet Eilperin. “EPA unlikely to limit perchlorate in tap water.” Washington Post. September 22, 2008, A09.

34.  Centers for Disease Control. www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5008a2.htm.

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37.  Mayo Clinic. “Milk thistle (Silybum mariamun).” 2009. www.mayoclinic.com/health/silymarin/NS_patient-milkthistle.

38.  A. Pares, et al. “Effects of silymarin in alcoholic patients with cirrhosis of the liver: results of a controlled, double-blind, randomized, and multicenter trial.” Journal of Hepatology. 1998; 28(4): 615–621.

39.  Jhy-Wen Wu, Lie-Chwen Lin and Tung-Hu Tsai. “Drug–drug interactions of silymarin on the perspective of pharmacokinetics.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2009; 121(2): 185–193.  La 40.  Grange L, Wang M, Watkins R, et al. Protective effects of the flavonoid mixture, silymarin, on fetal rat brain   and liver. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1999;65:53-61.

41.  G. Buzzelli, S. Moscarella, and A. Giusti, et al. “A pilot study on the liver protective effect of silybinphosphatidylcholine complex (IdB1016) in chronic active hepatitis.” International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, Therapy, and Toxicology. 1993; 31(9): 456–460; Ladas E.J., Kelly K.M. “Milk thistle: is there a role for its use as an adjunct therapy in patients with cancer?” Journal of Alternative Complementary Medicine. 2003; 9(3): 411–416.

42.  Lawrence, B. Jacobs, C. Dennehy, et al. “Report on milk thistle: effects on liver disease and cirrhosis and clinical adverse effects.” Evidence Report/Technology Assessment No. 21 (Contract 290-97-0012 to the San Antonio Evidence-based Practice Center, based at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, and The Veterans Evidence-based Research, Dissemination, and Implementation Center, a Veterans Affairs Services Research and Development Center of Excellence). AHRQ Publication No. 01-E025. Rockville, Maryland: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. October 2000.

43.  M.I. Lucena, R.J. Andrade, and J.P. de la Cruz, et al. “Effects of silymarin MZ-80 on oxidative stress in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis.” (Results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study.) International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2002; 40(1): 2–8.

44.  Madisch, H. Melderis, and G. Mayr, et al. “A plant extract and its modified preparation in functional dyspepsia. Results of a double-blind placebo con- trolled comparative study.” Z Gastroenterol. 2001; 39(7): 511–517. A. Melhelm, M. Stern, and O. Shibolet, et al. “Treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus infection via antioxidants: results of a phase I clinical trial.” J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 2005; 39(8): 737–42.

45.  Pares, R. Planas, and M. Torres, et al. “Effects of silymarin in alcoholic pa- tients with cirrhosis of the liver: results of a controlled, double-blind, random- ized, and multicenter trial.” Journal of Hepatology . 1998; 28(4): 615–621. A. Rambaldi, B.P. Jacobs, and G. Iaquinto, et al. “Milk thistle for alcoholic and/ or hepatitis B or C liver diseases—a systematic cochrane hepato-biliary group review with meta-analyses of randomized clinical trials.” American Journal of Gastroenterology . 2005; 100(11): 2583–91.

46.  Rambaldi, B.P. Jacobs, and C. Gluud, et al. “Milk thistle for alcoholic and/ or hepatitis B or C virus liver diseases.” Cochrane Database Syst Rev. October 17, 2007; (4):CD003620. Update of Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2005; (2): CD003620.

47.  F.H. Schroder, M.J. Roobol, and E.R. Boeve, et al. “Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study in men with prostate cancer and rising PSA: effectiveness of a dietary supplement.” European Urology. 2005; 48(6): 922–30; discussion 930–1. A.K.

48.  Tyagi, R.P. Singh, and C. Agarwal, et al. “Silibinin strongly synergizes hu- man prostate carcinoma DU145 cells to doxorubicin-induced growth inhibition, G2-M arrest, and apoptosis.” Clinical Cancer Research. 2002; 8(11): 3512–19.

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50.  C.M. Leontine Kremer, MD, PhD and Huib N. Caron, MD, PhD. “Anthracycline cardiotoxicity in children.” New England Journal of Medicine. 2004; 351(2): 120–121.

51.  Featured on NBC News Today Show. www.medpagetoday.com/MeetingCoverage/SABCS/7682.

52.  National Cancer Institute Fact Sheet. www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/therapy/tamoxifen.

53.  Report on Carcinogens, Eleventh Edition. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Program.

54.  C.M. Leontine Kremer, MD, PhD, and Huib N. Caron, MD, PhD. “Anthracycline cardiotoxicity in children.” New England Journal of Medicine. 2004; 351(2): 120–121.

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56.  Amanda Gardner. “Younger breast cancer survivors risk disease in other breast.” Washington Post. October 15, 2008.

57.  Jon Christensen. “Scientist at work: John Reed; running hot in pursuit of can- cer treatment.” New York Times. December 12, 2005.

58.  John C. Reed, MD, PhD. Research Focus Burnham Institute of Medical Research. http://bccg.sanfordburnham.org/PDF/shak%20CPCCG%20outreach%20PPT%20April%2021st.pdf.

59.  Annelyse Duvois, et al. “Chemopreventive and therapeutic effects of curcum-in.” Cancer Letters. 2005; 223: 181–190.

60.  Bryan Smith. “Indian gold.” Men’s Health. 2008.

61.  Bryan Smith. “Best food for men nutrition awards.” Men’s Health. 2008.

62.  123. Jeremy James Johnson and Hasan Mukhtar. “Curcumin for chemoprevention of colon cancer.” Cancer Letters. 2007; 255(2): 170–181.

63.  K.M. Dhandapani, V.B. Mahesh, and D.W. Brann. “Curcumin suppresses growth and chemoresistance of human glioblastoma cells via AP-1 and NFkappaB transcription factors.” Journal of Neurochemistry. 2007; 102(2): 522–38.

64.  Matthew Miller, Shenglin Chen, Jeffrey Woodliff, and Sanjay Kansra. “Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) inhibits cell proliferation, induces apoptosis, and decreases hormone levels and secretion in pituitary tumor cells.” Endocrinololgy. 2008; 149 (8): 4158–67.

65.  McLaughlin, Jerry. Paw Paw and Cancer: Annonaceous Acetogenins from Discovery to Commercial Products. 2008.  Journal of Natural Products, 71:1311-132. 

66.  Alali FQi, Liu XX, McLaughlin JL.  Annonaceous Acetogenins:  Recent Progress.  Journal of Natural Products, 1999, from Volume 62, Number 3, pages 504-540.  

67.  McLaughlin, Jerry. Lingling, Rogers. The Use of Biological Assays to Evaluate Botanicals, Drug Information Journal, pp. 513-524, 1998. 

68.  Veena Coothankandaswamy, Yang Liu, Shui-Chun Mao, J. Brian Morgan, Fakhri Mahdi, Mika B. Jekabsons, Dale G. Nagle and Yu-Dong Zhou. The Alternative Medicine Pawpaw and Its Acetogenin Constituents Suppress Tumor Angiogenesis via the HIF-1/VEGF Pathway. 2010.  Journal of Natural Products.  73:956–961.  

69.  Otto Warburg, Franz Wind, and Erwin Negelein.  The Metabolism of Tumors In The Body.  Journal of General Physiology. 1927 March 7; 8(6): 519–530.

70.  “Sunshine might stop skin cancers,” BBC News, February 1, 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4225195.stm.

71.  Lawrence H. Kushi, ScD, Tim Byers, MD, MPH, Colleen Doyle, MS, RD, Elisa V. Bandera, MD, PhD, Marji McCullough, ScD, RD, Ted Gansler, MD, MBA, Kimberly S. Andrews, Michael J. Thun, MD, MS, and The American Cancer Society 2006 Nutrition and Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee. “American Cancer Society Guidelines on Nutrition and Physical Activity for Cancer Prevention.” A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 2006; 56: 254–281.

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73.  Kessler, David.  “The End of Overeating.  Taking Control of the Insatiable American Appetite.”  Rodale Books; 1 edition (April 28, 2009)

74.  Roni Caryn Rabin.  “Obese Teens as Likely as Smokers to Die Early, Study Finds.”  New York Times. March 3, 2009.

75.  Dr. David Kessler on 60 Minutes.  60 Minutes: The Flavorists; Addictive Flavors of the Artificial Flavor Industry Exposed

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77.  Bachmanov AA, Inoue M, Ji H, Murata Y, Tordoff MG, Beauchamp GK.  Glutamate taste and appetite in laboratory mice: physiologic and genetic analyses. America Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2009 Sep;90(3):756S-763S. 2009 Jul 1.

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81.  Gaby, Alan R.  “Treatment With Thyroid Hormone.”  Journal of the American Medical Association. 1989;262(13):1774.

82.  Hilts, Phillip, J.  After 46 Years of Sales, Thyroid Drug Needs F.D.A. Approval. New York Times.  July 31, 2001.

83.  Dong, Betty.  How medications affect thyroid function.  Western Journal of Medicine. 2000 February; 172(2): 102–106.

84.  Patrick, Lyn.  Thyroid Disruption: Mechanisms and Clinical Implications in Human Health.  Alternative Medicine Review Volume 14, Number 4 2009.

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90.  Bass, Alison. Side Effects: A Prosecutor, a Whistleblower, and a Bestselling Antidepressant on Trial.  Kindle Edition.  Algonquin Books; 1 edition. June 17, 2008.  Glenmullen, Joseph.  Prozac Backlash Overcoming the Dangers of Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil, and Other Antidepressants With Safe, Effective Alternatives. Simon & Schuster.  April 17, 2001.

91.  Boseley, Sarah.  Four people dead is four too many.  The Guardian. August 9, 2001.

92.  Breggin, Peter.  Judge Sentences Teenager In Prozac Murder Case — Release in 10 Months to Community Service. Huffington Post.  November 8, 2011.

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97.  Gershon, Samuel.  Lithium: Discovered, Forgotten and Rediscovered.  International Network for the History of Neuropsychopharmacology.  Published online:

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